SENDMAIL-General Commands Manual 

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NAME
  - sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface

SYNOPSIS

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sendmail [option ...] [recipient ...]

mailq
sendmail -bp

newaliases
sendmail -I

DESCRIPTION

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The Postfix sendmail(1) command implements the Postfix to Sendmail com‐
patibility interface.  For the  sake  of  compatibility  with  existing
applications,  some  Sendmail  command-line  options are recognized but
silently ignored.

By default, Postfix sendmail(1) reads a  message  from  standard  input
until  EOF  or  until  it  reads  a  line  with only a . character, and
arranges for delivery.  Postfix sendmail(1) relies on  the  postdrop(1)
command to create a queue file in the maildrop directory.

Specific  command aliases are provided for other common modes of opera‐
tion:

mailq  List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue file ID, message
       size,  arrival  time, sender, and the recipients that still need
       to be delivered.  If mail could not be delivered upon  the  last
       attempt, the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID string is
       followed by an optional status character:

       *      The message is in the active queue, i.e. the  message  is
              selected for delivery.

       !      The  message is in the hold queue, i.e. no further deliv‐
              ery attempt will be made until  the  mail  is  taken  off
              hold.

       This   mode   of  operation  is  implemented  by  executing  the
       postqueue(1) command.

newaliases
       Initialize the alias database.  If no input  file  is  specified
       (with  the  -oA  option,  see  below), the program processes the
       file(s) specified with the alias_database configuration  parame‐
       ter.   If  no alias database type is specified, the program uses
       the type specified with the default_database_type  configuration
       parameter.  This mode of operation is implemented by running the
       postalias(1) command.

       Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update
       becomes  visible.  Use the "postfix reload" command to eliminate
       this delay.

These and other features can be selected by specifying the  appropriate
combination  of  command-line  options. Some features are controlled by
parameters in the main.cf configuration file.

The following options are recognized:

-Am (ignored)

-Ac (ignored)
       Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file regardless  of
       whether or not a message is an initial submission.

-B body_type
       The message body MIME type: 7BIT or 8BITMIME.

-bd    Go  into  daemon  mode. This mode of operation is implemented by
       executing the "postfix start" command.

-bh (ignored)

-bH (ignored)
       Postfix has no persistent host status database.

-bi    Initialize alias database. See the newaliases command above.

-bl    Go into daemon mode. To accept only local  connections  as  with
       Sendmail´s  -bl  option, specify "inet_interfaces = loopback" in
       the Postfix main.cf configuration file.

-bm    Read mail from standard input and arrange for delivery.  This is
       the default mode of operation.

-bp    List the mail queue. See the mailq command above.

-bs    Stand-alone  SMTP  server mode. Read SMTP commands from standard
       input, and write responses to standard output.   In  stand-alone
       SMTP  server  mode,  mail relaying and other access controls are
       disabled by default. To enable them,  run  the  process  as  the
       mail_owner user.

       This  mode  of  operation is implemented by running the smtpd(8)
       daemon.

-bv    Do not collect or deliver a  message.  Instead,  send  an  email
       report  after  verifying each recipient address.  This is useful
       for testing address rewriting and routing configurations.

       This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later.

-C config_file

-C config_dir
       The path name of the Postfix main.cf  file,  or  of  its  parent
       directory.  This  information  is  ignored with Postfix versions
       before 2.3.

       With Postfix version 3.2 and later, a non-default directory must
       be  authorized  in  the default main.cf file, through the alter‐
       nate_config_directories  or  multi_instance_directories  parame‐
       ters.

       With  all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname
       with the MAIL_CONFIG environment variable to override the  loca‐
       tion of configuration files.

-F full_name
       Set  the  sender  full name. This overrides the NAME environment
       variable, and is used only with messages that have no From: mes‐
       sage header.

-f sender
       Set  the  envelope  sender  address.  This  is the address where
       delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1,
       the   Errors-To:  message  header  overrides  the  error  return
       address.

-G     Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial  user  submis‐
       sion.   Either do not rewrite addresses at all, or update incom‐
       plete addresses  with  the  domain  information  specified  with
       remote_header_rewrite_domain.

       This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.

-h hop_count (ignored)
       Hop  count limit. Use the hopcount_limit configuration parameter
       instead.

-I     Initialize alias database. See the newaliases command above.

-i     When reading a message from standard input, don´t treat  a  line
       with only a . character as the end of input.

-L label (ignored)
       The  logging  label. Use the syslog_name configuration parameter
       instead.

-m (ignored)
       Backwards compatibility.

-N dsn (default: 'delay, failure')
       Delivery  status  notification   control.   Specify   either   a
       comma-separated list with one or more of failure (send notifica‐
       tion when delivery fails), delay (send notification when  deliv‐
       ery  is delayed), or success (send notification when the message
       is delivered); or specify never (don't send any notifications at
       all).

       This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.

-n (ignored)
       Backwards compatibility.

-oAalias_database
       Non-default  alias  database. Specify pathname or type:pathname.
       See postalias(1) for details.

-O option=value (ignored)
       Set the named option to value. Use the equivalent  configuration
       parameter in main.cf instead.

-o7 (ignored)

-o8 (ignored)
       To  send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encap‐
       sulation and specify the appropriate -B command-line option.

-oi    When reading a message from standard input, don´t treat  a  line
       with only a . character as the end of input.

-om (ignored)
       The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions.

-o x value (ignored)
       Set  option x to value. Use the equivalent configuration parame‐
       ter in main.cf instead.

-r sender
       Set the envelope sender  address.  This  is  the  address  where
       delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1,
       the  Errors-To:  message  header  overrides  the  error   return
       address.

-R return
       Delivery  status notification control.  Specify "hdrs" to return
       only the header when a message bounces, "full" to return a  full
       copy (the default behavior).

       The -R option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will return only
       the header, when a full copy would exceed the  bounce_size_limit
       setting.

       This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10.

-q     Attempt  to deliver all queued mail. This is implemented by exe‐
       cuting the postqueue(1) command.

       Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will  result  in
       poor delivery performance of all other mail.

-qinterval (ignored)
       The interval between queue runs. Use the queue_run_delay config‐
       uration parameter instead.

-qIqueueid
       Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue ID.
       This  option  is  implemented by executing the postqueue(1) com‐
       mand, and is available with Postfix version 2.4 and later.

-qRsite
       Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued  for  the
       named  site. This option accepts only site names that are eligi‐
       ble for the "fast flush" service, and is implemented by  execut‐
       ing the postqueue(1) command.  See flush(8) for more information
       about the "fast flush" service.

-qSsite
       This command is not implemented. Use the  slower  "sendmail  -q"
       command instead.

-t     Extract  recipients from message headers. These are added to any
       recipients specified on the command line.

       With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option requires that no
       recipient addresses are specified on the command line.

-U (ignored)
       Initial user submission.

-V envid
       Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that support
       DSN.

       This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.

-XV (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: -V)
       Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope sender  address
       of  the  form  owner-listname@origin, each recipient user@domain
       receives mail with a personalized envelope sender address.

       By  default,  the  personalized  envelope  sender   address   is
       owner-listname+user=domain@origin.  The  default + and = charac‐
       ters are configurable with the default_verp_delimiters  configu‐
       ration parameter.

-XVxy (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: -Vxy)
       As  -XV,  but  uses  x  and  y as the VERP delimiter characters,
       instead of the characters specified with the default_verp_delim‐
       iters configuration parameter.

-v     Send an email report of the first delivery attempt (Postfix ver‐
       sions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery always happens in the  back‐
       ground.  When multiple -v options are given, enable verbose log‐
       ging for debugging purposes.

-X log_file (ignored)
       Log mailer traffic. Use the debug_peer_list and debug_peer_level
       configuration parameters instead.

SECURITY

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By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. However, it must
handle data from untrusted, possibly remote, users.   Thus,  the  usual
precautions need to be taken against malicious inputs.

DIAGNOSTICS

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Problems are logged to syslogd(8) and to the standard error stream.

ENVIRONMENT

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MAIL_CONFIG
       Directory with Postfix configuration files.

MAIL_VERBOSE (value does not matter)
       Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.

MAIL_DEBUG (value does not matter)
       Enable debugging with an external command, as specified with the
       debugger_command configuration parameter.

NAME   The sender full name. This is used only with messages that  have
       no From: message header. See also the -F option above.

CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS

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The  following  main.cf parameters are especially relevant to this pro‐
gram.  The text below provides only  a  parameter  summary.  See  post‐
conf(5) for more details including examples.

COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS

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Available with Postfix 2.9 and later:

sendmail_fix_line_endings (always)
       Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message
       line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>).

TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS

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The DEBUG_README file gives examples of how to trouble shoot a  Postfix
system.

debugger_command (empty)
       The external command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is
       invoked with the -D option.

debug_peer_level (2)
       The increment in verbose logging level when a remote  client  or
       server matches a pattern in the debug_peer_list parameter.

debug_peer_list (empty)
       Optional  list  of  remote  client or server hostname or network
       address  patterns  that  cause  the  verbose  logging  level  to
       increase by the amount specified in $debug_peer_level.

ACCESS CONTROLS

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Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:

authorized_flush_users (static:anyone)
       List of users who are authorized to flush the queue.

authorized_mailq_users (static:anyone)
       List of users who are authorized to view the queue.

authorized_submit_users (static:anyone)
       List  of  users who are authorized to submit mail with the send‐
       mail(1) command (and with the privileged postdrop(1) helper com‐
       mand).

RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS

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bounce_size_limit (50000)
       The  maximal  amount  of original message text that is sent in a
       non-delivery notification.

fork_attempts (5)
       The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process.

fork_delay (1s)
       The delay between attempts to fork() a child process.

hopcount_limit (50)
       The maximal number of Received:  message headers that is allowed
       in the primary message headers.

queue_run_delay (300s)
       The  time  between  deferred  queue  scans by the queue manager;
       prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s.

FAST FLUSH CONTROLS

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The ETRN_README file describes configuration and operation details  for
the Postfix "fast flush" service.

fast_flush_domains ($relay_domains)
       Optional list of destinations that are eligible for per-destina‐
       tion logfiles with mail that is queued to those destinations.

VERP CONTROLS

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The VERP_README file describes configuration and operation  details  of
Postfix support for variable envelope return path addresses.

default_verp_delimiters (+=)
       The two default VERP delimiter characters.

verp_delimiter_filter (-=+)
       The  characters  Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter characters on
       the Postfix sendmail(1) command line and in SMTP commands.

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS

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alias_database (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The alias databases for local(8) delivery that are updated  with
       "newaliases" or with "sendmail -bi".

command_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The location of all postfix administrative commands.

config_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The  default  location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf con‐
       figuration files.

daemon_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs.

default_database_type (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The default database type for use in newaliases(1), postalias(1)
       and postmap(1) commands.

delay_warning_time (0h)
       The  time  after which the sender receives a copy of the message
       headers of mail that is still queued.

import_environment (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The list of environment parameters  that  a  privileged  Postfix
       process  will  import  from  a  non-Postfix  parent  process, or
       name=value environment overrides.

mail_owner (postfix)
       The UNIX system account that owns the  Postfix  queue  and  most
       Postfix daemon processes.

queue_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
       The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.

remote_header_rewrite_domain (empty)
       Don't  rewrite  message  headers from remote clients at all when
       this parameter is empty; otherwise, rewrite message headers  and
       append the specified domain name to incomplete addresses.

syslog_facility (mail)
       The syslog facility of Postfix logging.

syslog_name (see 'postconf -d' output)
       A  prefix  that  is  prepended  to  the  process  name in syslog
       records, so that, for example, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd".

Postfix 3.2 and later:

alternate_config_directories (empty)
       A list of non-default Postfix configuration directories that may
       be  specified with "-c config_directory" on the command line (in
       the case of sendmail(1), with  the  "-C"  option),  or  via  the
       MAIL_CONFIG environment parameter.

multi_instance_directories (empty)
       An  optional  list of non-default Postfix configuration directo‐
       ries; these directories belong to additional  Postfix  instances
       that  share  the Postfix executable files and documentation with
       the default Postfix instance, and  that  are  started,  stopped,
       etc., together with the default Postfix instance.

FILES

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/var/spool/postfix, mail queue
/etc/postfix, configuration files

SEE ALSO

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pickup(8), mail pickup daemon
qmgr(8), queue manager
smtpd(8), SMTP server
flush(8), fast flush service
postsuper(1), queue maintenance
postalias(1), create/update/query alias database
postdrop(1), mail posting utility
postfix(1), mail system control
postqueue(1), mail queue control
syslogd(8), system logging

README_FILES

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Use  "postconf readme_directory" or "postconf html_directory" to locate
this information.
DEBUG_README, Postfix debugging howto
ETRN_README, Postfix ETRN howto
VERP_README, Postfix VERP howto

LICENSE

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The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.

AUTHOR(S)

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Wietse Venema
IBM T.J. Watson Research
P.O. Box 704
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA

Wietse Venema
Google, Inc.
111 8th Avenue
New York, NY 10011, USA

ps-man 

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NAME
  - ps -- process status

SYNOPSIS

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ps [-AaCcEefhjlMmrSTvwXx] [-O fmt | -o fmt] [-G gid[,gid...]] [-g grp[,grp...]] [-u uid[,uid...]] [-p pid[,pid...]] [-t tty[,tty...]] [-U user[,user...]]
ps [-L]

DESCRIPTION

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The ps utility displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about all of your processes that have controlling terminals.
A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any combination of the -a, -G, -g, -p, -T, -t, -U, and -u options.  If more than one of these options are given, then ps will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the given options.
For the processes which have been selected for display, ps will usually display one line per process.  The -M option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for some processes.  By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling terminal, then by process ID.  The -m, -r, and -v options will change the sort order.  If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
For the processes which have been selected for display, the information to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the -L, -O, and -o options).  The default output format includes, for each process, the process‘ ID, controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.
The options are as follows:
-A      Display information about other users‘ processes, including those without controlling terminals.
-a      Display information about other users‘ processes as well as your own.  This will skip any processes which do not have a controlling terminal, unless the -x option is also specified.
-C      Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw‘‘ CPU calculation that ignores ``resident‘‘ time (this normally has no effect).
-c      Change the ``command‘‘ column output to just contain the executable name, rather than the full command line.
-d      Like -A, but excludes session leaders.
-E      Display the environment as well.  This does not reflect changes in the environment after process launch.
-e      Identical to -A.
-f      Display the uid, pid, parent pid, recent CPU usage, process start time, controlling tty, elapsed CPU usage, and the associated command.  If the -u option is also used, display the user name rather then the numeric uid.  When -o or -O is used to add to the display following -f, the command field is not truncated as severely as it is in other formats.
-G      Display information about processes which are running with the specified real group IDs.
-g      Display information about processes with the specified process group leaders.
-h      Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of information.
-j      Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.
-L      List the set of keywords available for the -O and -o options.
-l      Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, flags, cpu, pri, nice, vsz=SZ, rss, wchan, state=S, paddr=ADDR, tty, time, and command=CMD.
-M      Print the threads corresponding to each task.
-m      Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling terminal and process ID.
-O      Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified, after the process ID, in the default information display.  Keywords may be appended with an equals (`=‘) sign and a string.  This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the standard header.
-o      Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified.  Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one -o option.  Keywords may be appended with an equals (`=‘) sign and a string.  This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the standard header.  If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
-p      Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
-r      Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling terminal and process ID.
-S      Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
-T      Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.
-t      Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal devices.
-U      Display the processes belonging to the specified real user IDs.
-u      Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
-v      Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem, and command.  The -v option implies the -m option.
-w      Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which is your window size.  If the -w option is specified more than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.  When output is not to a terminal, an unlimited number of columns are always used.
-X      When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes which do not have a controlling terminal.
-x      When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes which do not have a controlling terminal.  This is the opposite of the -X option.  If both -X and -x are specified in the same command, then ps will use the one which was specified last.
A complete list of the available keywords is given below.  Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
%cpu      The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to a minute of previous (real) time.  Because the time base over which this is computed varies (some processes may be very young), it is possible for the sum of all %cpu fields to exceed 100%.
%mem      The percentage of real memory used by this process.
flags    The flags associated with the process as in the include file <sys/proc.h>:
          P_ADVLOCK           0x00001      Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock
          P_CONTROLT          0x00002      Has a controlling terminal
          P_LP64              0x00004      Process is LP64
          P_NOCLDSTOP         0x00008      No SIGCHLD when children stop
          P_PPWAIT            0x00010      Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit
          P_PROFIL            0x00020      Has started profiling
          P_SELECT            0x00040      Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
          P_CONTINUED         0x00080      Process was stopped and continued
          P_SUGID             0x00100      Had set id privileges since last exec
          P_SYSTEM            0x00200      System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping
          P_TIMEOUT           0x00400      Timing out during sleep
          P_TRACED            0x00800      Debugged process being traced
          P_WAITED            0x01000      Debugging process has waited for child
          P_WEXIT             0x02000      Working on exiting
          P_EXEC              0x04000      Process called exec
          P_OWEUPC            0x08000      Owe process an addupc() call at next ast
          P_WAITING           0x40000      Process has a wait() in progress
          P_KDEBUG            0x80000        Kdebug tracing on for this process
lim      The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to setrlimit(2).
lstart    The exact time the command started, using the `%c‘ format described in strftime(3).
nice      The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).
rss      the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
start    The time the command started.  If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p‘‘ format described in strftime(3).  If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%a6.15p‘‘ format.  Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y‘‘ format.
state    The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example, ``RWNA‘‘.  The first character indicates the run state of the process:
          I       Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
          R       Marks a runnable process.
          S       Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
          T       Marks a stopped process.
          U       Marks a process in uninterruptible wait.
          Z       Marks a dead process (a ``zombie‘‘).
          Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state information:
          +       The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
          <       The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
          >       The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not swapped.
          A       the process has asked for random page replacement (VA_ANOM, from vadvise(2), for example, lisp(1) in a garbage collect).
          E       The process is trying to exit.
          L       The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw I/O).
          N       The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see setpriority(2)).
          S       The process has asked for FIFO page replacement (VA_SEQL, from vadvise(2), for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to sequentially address voluminous data).
          s       The process is a session leader.
          V       The process is suspended during a vfork(2).
          W       The process is swapped out.
          X       The process is being traced or debugged.
tt        An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.  The abbreviation consists of the three letters following /dev/tty, or, for the console, ``con‘‘.  This is followed by a `-‘ if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
wchan    The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.  When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints as 324000.
When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as ``<defunct>‘‘, and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as ``<exiting>‘‘.  If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed within square brackets.  The process can change the arguments shown with setproctitle(3).  Otherwise, ps makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the process was created by examining memory or the swap area.  The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process is entitled to destroy this information.  The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.  If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword, the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.

KEYWORDS

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The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their meanings.  Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
%cpu      percentage CPU usage (alias pcpu)
%mem      percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
acflag    accounting flag (alias acflg)
args      command and arguments
comm      command
command    command and arguments
cpu        short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
etime      elapsed running time
flags      the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
gid        processes group id (alias group)
inblk      total blocks read (alias inblock)
jobc      job control count
ktrace    tracing flags
ktracep    tracing vnode
lim        memoryuse limit
logname    login name of user who started the session
lstart    time started
majflt    total page faults
minflt    total page reclaims
msgrcv    total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
msgsnd    total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
nice      nice value (alias ni)
nivcsw    total involuntary context switches
nsigs      total signals taken (alias nsignals)
nswap      total swaps in/out
nvcsw      total voluntary context switches
nwchan    wait channel (as an address)
oublk      total blocks written (alias oublock)
p_ru      resource usage (valid only for zombie)
paddr      swap address
pagein    pageins (same as majflt)
pgid      process group number
pid        process ID
ppid      parent process ID
pri        scheduling priority
re        core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
rgid      real group ID
rss        resident set size
ruid      real user ID
ruser      user name (from ruid)
sess      session ID
sig        pending signals (alias pending)
sigmask    blocked signals (alias blocked)
sl        sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
start      time started
state      symbolic process state (alias stat)
svgid      saved gid from a setgid executable
svuid      saved UID from a setuid executable
tdev      control terminal device number
time      accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias cputime)
tpgid      control terminal process group ID
tsess      control terminal session ID
tsiz      text size (in Kbytes)
tt        control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
tty        full name of control terminal
ucomm      name to be used for accounting
uid        effective user ID
upr        scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
user      user name (from UID)
utime      user CPU time (alias putime)
vsz        virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
wchan      wait channel (as a symbolic name)
wq        total number of workqueue threads
wqb        number of blocked workqueue threads
wqr        number of running workqueue threads
wql        workqueue limit status (C = constrained thread limit, T = total thread limit)
xstat      exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)

ENVIRONMENT

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The following environment variables affect the execution of ps:
COLUMNS  If set, specifies the user‘s preferred output width in column positions.  By default, ps attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.

FILES

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/dev                 special files and device names
/var/run/dev.db      /dev name database
/var/db/kvm_kernel.db
                     system namelist database

LEGACY DESCRIPTION

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In legacy mode, ps functions as described above, with the following differences:
-e      Display the environment as well. Same as -E.
-g      Ignored for compatibility. Takes no argument.
-l      Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.
-u      Display information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command.  The -u option implies the -r option.
The biggest change is in the interpretation of the -u option, which now displays processes belonging to the specified username(s).  Thus, "ps -aux" will fail (unless you want to know about user "x").  As a convenience, however, "ps aux" still works as it did in Tiger.
For more information about legacy mode, see compat(5).

SEE ALSO

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kill(1), w(1), kvm(3), strftime(3), sysctl(8)

STANDARDS

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The ps utility supports the Version 3 of the Single UNIX Specification (``SUSv3‘‘) standard.

HISTORY

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The ps command appeared in Version 4 AT&T UNIX.

BUGS

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Since ps cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled process, the information it displays can never be exact.
The ps utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte characters.

crontab-man

SYNOPSIS

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crontab [ -u user ] file
crontab [ -u user ] [ -i ] { -e | -l | -r }

DESCRIPTION

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crontab  is  the  program used to install, deinstall or list the tables
used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron.   Each  user  can  have
their    own    crontab,    and    though    these    are    files   in
/var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly.

If the /etc/cron.allow file exists, then you must be listed  (one  user
per  line)  therein in order to be allowed to use this command.  If the
/etc/cron.allow file does not exist but the  /etc/cron.deny  file  does
exist,  then you must not be listed in the /etc/cron.deny file in order
to use this command.

If neither of these files exists, then depending on site-dependent con‐
figuration  parameters, only the super user will be allowed to use this
command, or all users will be able to use this command.

If both files exist then /etc/cron.allow takes precedence. Which  means
that  /etc/cron.deny  is not considered and your user must be listed in
/etc/cron.allow in order to be able to use the crontab.

Regardless of the existance of any of these files, the root administra‐
tive  user  is  always allowed to setup a crontab.  For standard Debian
systems, all users may use this command.

If the -u option is given, it specifies the  name  of  the  user  whose
crontab  is  to  be  used (when listing) or modified (when editing). If
this option is not given, crontab examines "your"  crontab,  i.e.,  the
crontab  of the person executing the command.  Note that su(8) can con‐
fuse crontab and that if you are running inside  of  su(8)  you  should
always use the -u option for safety's sake.

The  first  form  of this command is used to install a new crontab from
some named file or standard  input  if  the  pseudo-filename  ``-''  is
given.

The  -l  option  causes the current crontab to be displayed on standard
output. See the note under DEBIAN SPECIFIC below.

The -r option causes the current crontab to be removed.

The -e option is used to edit the  current  crontab  using  the  editor
specified  by  the  VISUAL  or EDITOR environment variables.  After you
exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed  automati‐
cally.  If  neither  of  the environment variables is defined, then the
default editor /usr/bin/editor is used.

The -i option modifies the -r option to prompt the  user  for  a  'y/Y'
response before actually removing the crontab.

DEBIAN SPECIFIC

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The  "out-of-the-box"  behaviour for crontab -l is to display the three
line "DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE" header that is placed at the beginning  of
the  crontab  when  it  is  installed. The problem is that it makes the
sequence

crontab -l | crontab -

non-idempotent -- you keep adding copies of  the  header.  This  causes
pain  to scripts that use sed to edit a crontab. Therefore, the default
behaviour of the -l option has been changed to not output such  header.
You  may obtain the original behaviour by setting the environment vari‐
able CRONTAB_NOHEADER to 'N', which will cause the crontab  -l  command
to emit the extraneous header.

SEE ALSO

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crontab(5), cron(8)

FILES

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/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.deny
/var/spool/cron/crontabs

There    is    one   file   for   each   user's   crontab   under   the
/var/spool/cron/crontabs directory. Users are not allowed to  edit  the
files  under  that directory directly to ensure that only users allowed
by the system to run periodic tasks can add them,  and  only  syntacti‐
cally correct crontabs will be written there.  This is enforced by hav‐
ing the directory writable only by the crontab  group  and  configuring
crontab command with the setgid bid set for that specific group.

STANDARDS

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The  crontab command conforms to IEEE Std1003.2-1992 (``POSIX'').  This
new command syntax differs from previous versions  of  Vixie  Cron,  as
well as from the classic SVR3 syntax.

DIAGNOSTICS

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A  fairly  informative  usage  message appears if you run it with a bad
command line.

cron requires that each entry in a crontab end in a newline  character.
If  the  last entry in a crontab is missing the newline, cron will con‐
sider the crontab (at least partially) broken and refuse to install it.

AUTHOR

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Paul Vixie <paul@vix.com> is the author of cron and original creator of
this  manual page. This page has also been modified for Debian by Steve
Greenland, Javier Fernandez-Sanguino and Christian Kastner.

mysql允许远程访问操作

终端操作

  • 1、先在服务器中通过命令行方式登录mysql： mysql -uroot -p密码
  • 2、执行use mysql;
  • 3、执行grant all privileges on . to root@’%’ identified by ‘密码’;
  • 4、执行flush privileges;

数据库管理中心操作

在user表中将相应用户对应的host改为“%”​

nginx配置首页默认跳转路径

https指定路径跳转

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rewrite ^/index.html(.*)$ 指定的跳转路径 permanent;

http跳转到https

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server {
 listen 80;
 server_name localhost; 
 rewrite ^(.*)$ https://$host$1 permanent;
 location / {
index index.html index.htm;
}

Help on class Redis in module redis.client 

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'''Help on class Redis in module redis.client:'''

class Redis(builtins.object)
    Redis(
    	host='localhost', port=6379, db=0, password=None, socket_timeout=None, 
    	socket_connect_timeout=None, socket_keepalive=None, 
    	socket_keepalive_options=None, connection_pool=None, 
    	unix_socket_path=None, encoding='utf-8', encoding_errors='strict', 
    	charset=None, errors=None, decode_responses=False, 
    	retry_on_timeout=False, ssl=False, ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None, 
    	ssl_cert_reqs='required', ssl_ca_certs=None, max_connections=None
    )
    
    '''
    Implementation of the Redis protocol.
    
    This abstract class provides a Python interface to all Redis commands
    and an implementation of the Redis protocol.
    
    Connection and Pipeline derive from this, implementing how
    the commands are sent and received to the Redis server
    
    Methods defined here:
    '''
    __contains__ = exists(self, *names)
    
    __delitem__(self, name)
    
    __getitem__(self, name)
        '''Return the value at key ``name``, raises a KeyError if the key
        doesn't exist.'''
    
    __init__(self, host='localhost', port=6379, db=0, password=None, socket_timeout=None, socket_connect_timeout=None, socket_keepalive=None, socket_keepalive_options=None, connection_pool=None, unix_socket_path=None, encoding='utf-8', encoding_errors='strict', charset=None, errors=None, decode_responses=False, retry_on_timeout=False, ssl=False, ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None, ssl_cert_reqs='required', ssl_ca_certs=None, max_connections=None)
        '''Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.'''
    
    __repr__(self)
    	'''Return repr(self).'''
    
    __setitem__(self, name, value)
    
    append(self, key, value)
        '''
        Appends the string ``value`` to the value at ``key``. If ``key``
        doesn't already exist, create it with a value of ``value``.
        Returns the new length of the value at ``key``.
    	'''

    bgrewriteaof(self)
    	'''
        Tell the Redis server to rewrite the AOF file from data in memory.
    	'''

    bgsave(self)
        '''
        Tell the Redis server to save its data to disk.  Unlike save(),
        this method is asynchronous and returns immediately.
    	'''

    bitcount(self, key, start=None, end=None)
        '''
        Returns the count of set bits in the value of ``key``.  Optional
        ``start`` and ``end`` paramaters indicate which bytes to consider
    	'''

    bitfield(self, key, default_overflow=None)
        '''
        Return a BitFieldOperation instance to conveniently construct one or
        more bitfield operations on ``key``.
    	'''

    bitop(self, operation, dest, *keys)
        '''
        Perform a bitwise operation using ``operation`` between ``keys`` and
        store the result in ``dest``.
    	'''

    bitpos(self, key, bit, start=None, end=None)
        '''
        Return the position of the first bit set to 1 or 0 in a string.
        ``start`` and ``end`` difines search range. The range is interpreted
        as a range of bytes and not a range of bits, so start=0 and end=2
        means to look at the first three bytes.
    	'''

    blpop(self, keys, timeout=0)
        '''
        LPOP a value off of the first non-empty list
        named in the ``keys`` list.
        
        If none of the lists in ``keys`` has a value to LPOP, then block
        for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a value gets pushed on to one
        of the lists.
        
        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
    	'''

    brpop(self, keys, timeout=0)
    	'''
        RPOP a value off of the first non-empty list
        named in the ``keys`` list.
        
        If none of the lists in ``keys`` has a value to RPOP, then block
        for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a value gets pushed on to one
        of the lists.
        
        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
        '''
    
    brpoplpush(self, src, dst, timeout=0)
        '''
        Pop a value off the tail of ``src``, push it on the head of ``dst``
        and then return it.
        
        This command blocks until a value is in ``src`` or until ``timeout``
        seconds elapse, whichever is first. A ``timeout`` value of 0 blocks
        forever.
    	'''

    bzpopmax(self, keys, timeout=0)
        '''
        ZPOPMAX a value off of the first non-empty sorted set
        named in the ``keys`` list.
        
        If none of the sorted sets in ``keys`` has a value to ZPOPMAX,
        then block for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a member gets added
        to one of the sorted sets.
        
        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
    	'''

    bzpopmin(self, keys, timeout=0)
        '''
        ZPOPMIN a value off of the first non-empty sorted set
        named in the ``keys`` list.
        
        If none of the sorted sets in ``keys`` has a value to ZPOPMIN,
        then block for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a member gets added
        to one of the sorted sets.
        
        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
    	'''

    client_getname(self)
        '''Returns the current connection name'''
    
    client_id(self)
        '''Returns the current connection id'''
    
    client_kill(self, address)
        '''Disconnects the client at ``address`` (ip:port)'''
    
    client_kill_filter(self, _id=None, _type=None, addr=None, skipme=None)
        '''
        Disconnects client(s) using a variety of filter options
        :param id: Kills a client by its unique ID field
        :param type: Kills a client by type where type is one of 'normal',
        'master', 'slave' or 'pubsub'
        :param addr: Kills a client by its 'address:port'
        :param skipme: If True, then the client calling the command
        will not get killed even if it is identified by one of the filter
        options. If skipme is not provided, the server defaults to skipme=True
    	'''

    client_list(self, _type=None)
        '''
        Returns a list of currently connected clients.
        If type of client specified, only that type will be returned.
        :param _type: optional. one of the client types (normal, master,
         replica, pubsub)
    	'''

    client_pause(self, timeout)
        '''
        Suspend all the Redis clients for the specified amount of time
        :param timeout: milliseconds to pause clients
    	'''

    client_setname(self, name)
        '''Sets the current connection name'''
    
    client_unblock(self, client_id, error=False)
        '''
        Unblocks a connection by its client id.
        If ``error`` is True, unblocks the client with a special error message.
        If ``error`` is False (default), the client is unblocked using the
        regular timeout mechanism.
        '''
    
    cluster(self, cluster_arg, *args)
    
    config_get(self, pattern='*')
        '''Return a dictionary of configuration based on the ``pattern``'''
    
    config_resetstat(self)
        '''Reset runtime statistics'''
    
    config_rewrite(self)
        '''Rewrite config file with the minimal change to reflect running config'''
    
    config_set(self, name, value)
        '''Set config item ``name`` with ``value``'''
    
    dbsize(self)
        '''Returns the number of keys in the current database'''
    
    debug_object(self, key)
        '''Returns version specific meta information about a given key'''
    
    decr(self, name, amount=1)
        '''
        Decrements the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
        the value will be initialized as 0 - ``amount``
    	'''

    decrby(self, name, amount=1)
        '''
        Decrements the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
        the value will be initialized as 0 - ``amount``
    	'''

    delete(self, *names)
        '''Delete one or more keys specified by ``names``'''
    
    dump(self, name)
        '''
        Return a serialized version of the value stored at the specified key.
        If key does not exist a nil bulk reply is returned.
    	'''

    echo(self, value)
        '''Echo the string back from the server'''
    
    eval(self, script, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
        '''
        Execute the Lua ``script``, specifying the ``numkeys`` the script
        will touch and the key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``.
        Returns the result of the script.
        
        In practice, use the object returned by ``register_script``. This
        function exists purely for Redis API completion.
    	'''

    evalsha(self, sha, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
        '''
        Use the ``sha`` to execute a Lua script already registered via EVAL
        or SCRIPT LOAD. Specify the ``numkeys`` the script will touch and the
        key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``. Returns the result
        of the script.
        
        In practice, use the object returned by ``register_script``. This
        function exists purely for Redis API completion.
    	'''

    execute_command(self, *args, **options)
        '''Execute a command and return a parsed response'''
    
    exists(self, *names)
       ''' Returns the number of ``names`` that exist'''
    
    expire(self, name, time)
        '''
        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``time`` seconds. ``time``
        can be represented by an integer or a Python timedelta object.
    	'''

    expireat(self, name, when)
        '''
        Set an expire flag on key ``name``. ``when`` can be represented
        as an integer indicating unix time or a Python datetime object.
    	'''

    flushall(self, asynchronous=False)
        '''
        Delete all keys in all databases on the current host.
        
        ``asynchronous`` indicates whether the operation is
        executed asynchronously by the server.
    	'''

    flushdb(self, asynchronous=False)
    	'''
        Delete all keys in the current database.
        
        ``asynchronous`` indicates whether the operation is
        executed asynchronously by the server.
    	'''

    geoadd(self, name, *values)
        '''
        Add the specified geospatial items to the specified key identified
        by the ``name`` argument. The Geospatial items are given as ordered
        members of the ``values`` argument, each item or place is formed by
        the triad longitude, latitude and name.
    	'''

    geodist(self, name, place1, place2, unit=None)
        '''
        Return the distance between ``place1`` and ``place2`` members of the
        ``name`` key.
        The units must be one of the following : m, km mi, ft. By default
        meters are used.
    	'''

    geohash(self, name, *values)
        '''
        Return the geo hash string for each item of ``values`` members of
        the specified key identified by the ``name`` argument.
    	'''

    geopos(self, name, *values)
        '''
        Return the positions of each item of ``values`` as members of
        the specified key identified by the ``name`` argument. Each position
        is represented by the pairs lon and lat.
    	'''

    georadius(self, name, longitude, latitude, radius, unit=None, withdist=False, withcoord=False, withhash=False, count=None, sort=None, store=None, store_dist=None)
        '''
        Return the members of the specified key identified by the
        ``name`` argument which are within the borders of the area specified
        with the ``latitude`` and ``longitude`` location and the maximum
        distance from the center specified by the ``radius`` value.
        
        The units must be one of the following : m, km mi, ft. By default
        
        ``withdist`` indicates to return the distances of each place.
        
        ``withcoord`` indicates to return the latitude and longitude of
        each place.
        
        ``withhash`` indicates to return the geohash string of each place.
        
        ``count`` indicates to return the number of elements up to N.
        
        ``sort`` indicates to return the places in a sorted way, ASC for
        nearest to fairest and DESC for fairest to nearest.
        
        ``store`` indicates to save the places names in a sorted set named
        with a specific key, each element of the destination sorted set is
        populated with the score got from the original geo sorted set.
        
        ``store_dist`` indicates to save the places names in a sorted set
        named with a specific key, instead of ``store`` the sorted set
        destination score is set with the distance.
    	'''

    georadiusbymember(self, name, member, radius, unit=None, withdist=False, withcoord=False, withhash=False, count=None, sort=None, store=None, store_dist=None)
        '''
        This command is exactly like ``georadius`` with the sole difference
        that instead of taking, as the center of the area to query, a longitude
        and latitude value, it takes the name of a member already existing
        inside the geospatial index represented by the sorted set.
    	'''

    get(self, name)
        '''Return the value at key ``name``, or None if the key doesn't exist'''
    
    getbit(self, name, offset)
        '''Returns a boolean indicating the value of ``offset`` in ``name``'''
    
    getrange(self, key, start, end)
        '''
        Returns the substring of the string value stored at ``key``,
        determined by the offsets ``start`` and ``end`` (both are inclusive)
    	'''

    getset(self, name, value)
        '''
        Sets the value at key ``name`` to ``value``
        and returns the old value at key ``name`` atomically.
    	'''

    hdel(self, name, *keys)
        '''Delete ``keys`` from hash ``name``'''
    
    hexists(self, name, key)
        '''Returns a boolean indicating if ``key`` exists within hash ``name``'''
    
    hget(self, name, key)
        '''Return the value of ``key`` within the hash ``name``'''
    
    hgetall(self, name)
        '''Return a Python dict of the hash's name/value pairs'''
    
    hincrby(self, name, key, amount=1)
        '''Increment the value of ``key`` in hash ``name`` by ``amount``'''
    
    hincrbyfloat(self, name, key, amount=1.0)
        '''Increment the value of ``key`` in hash ``name`` by floating ``amount``'''
    
    hkeys(self, name)
        '''Return the list of keys within hash ``name``'''
    
    hlen(self, name)
        '''Return the number of elements in hash ``name``'''
    
    hmget(self, name, keys, *args)
        '''Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``'''
    
    hmset(self, name, mapping)
        ''' 
        Set key to value within hash ``name`` for each corresponding
        key and value from the ``mapping`` dict.
        '''
    
    hscan(self, name, cursor=0, match=None, count=None)
        '''
        Incrementally return key/value slices in a hash. Also return a cursor
        indicating the scan position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
        '''
    
    hscan_iter(self, name, match=None, count=None)
        '''
        Make an iterator using the HSCAN command so that the client doesn't
        need to remember the cursor position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
    	'''

    hset(self, name, key, value)
    	'''
        Set ``key`` to ``value`` within hash ``name``
        Returns 1 if HSET created a new field, otherwise 0
    	'''

    hsetnx(self, name, key, value)
    	'''
        Set ``key`` to ``value`` within hash ``name`` if ``key`` does not
        exist.  Returns 1 if HSETNX created a field, otherwise 0.
    	'''

    hstrlen(self, name, key)
        '''
        Return the number of bytes stored in the value of ``key``
        within hash ``name``
    	'''

    hvals(self, name)
        '''Return the list of values within hash ``name``'''
    
    incr(self, name, amount=1)
        '''
        Increments the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
        the value will be initialized as ``amount``
    	'''

    incrby(self, name, amount=1)
        '''
        Increments the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
        the value will be initialized as ``amount``
    	'''

    incrbyfloat(self, name, amount=1.0)
        '''
        Increments the value at key ``name`` by floating ``amount``.
        If no key exists, the value will be initialized as ``amount``
    	'''

    info(self, section=None)
        '''
        Returns a dictionary containing information about the Redis server
        
        The ``section`` option can be used to select a specific section
        of information
        
        The section option is not supported by older versions of Redis Server,
        and will generate ResponseError
    	'''

    keys(self, pattern='*')
        '''Returns a list of keys matching ``pattern``'''
    
    lastsave(self)
        '''
        Return a Python datetime object representing the last time the
        Redis database was saved to disk
        '''
    
    lindex(self, name, index)
    	'''
        Return the item from list ``name`` at position ``index``
        
        Negative indexes are supported and will return an item at the
        end of the list
        '''
    
    linsert(self, name, where, refvalue, value)
    	'''
        Insert ``value`` in list ``name`` either immediately before or after
        [``where``] ``refvalue``
        
        Returns the new length of the list on success or -1 if ``refvalue``
        is not in the list.
        '''
    
    llen(self, name)
        '''Return the length of the list ``name``'''
    
    lock(self, name, timeout=None, sleep=0.1, blocking_timeout=None, lock_class=None, thread_local=True)
        '''
        Return a new Lock object using key ``name`` that mimics
        the behavior of threading.Lock.
        
        If specified, ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock.
        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
        
        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep per loop iteration
        when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is currently
        holding the lock.
        
        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
        
        ``lock_class`` forces the specified lock implementation.
        
        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
        
            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
                     Lock instance.
            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
                     key.
            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
        
        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
        thread local storage.
    	'''

    lpop(self, name)
        '''Remove and return the first item of the list ``name``'''
    
    lpush(self, name, *values)
        '''Push ``values`` onto the head of the list ``name``'''
    
    lpushx(self, name, value)
        '''Push ``value`` onto the head of the list ``name`` if ``name`` exists'''
    
    lrange(self, name, start, end)
        '''
        Return a slice of the list ``name`` between
        position ``start`` and ``end``
        
        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative numbers just like
        Python slicing notation
        '''
    
    lrem(self, name, count, value)
        '''
        Remove the first ``count`` occurrences of elements equal to ``value``
        from the list stored at ``name``.
        
        The count argument influences the operation in the following ways:
            count > 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from head to tail.
            count < 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from tail to head.
            count = 0: Remove all elements equal to value.
        '''
    
    lset(self, name, index, value)
        '''Set ``position`` of list ``name`` to ``value``'''
    
    ltrim(self, name, start, end)
    	'''
        Trim the list ``name``, removing all values not within the slice
        between ``start`` and ``end``
        
        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative numbers just like
        Python slicing notation
    	'''

    memory_purge(self)
        '''Attempts to purge dirty pages for reclamation by allocator'''
    
    memory_usage(self, key, samples=None)
        '''
        Return the total memory usage for key, its value and associated
        administrative overheads.
        
        For nested data structures, ``samples`` is the number of elements to
        sample. If left unspecified, the server's default is 5. Use 0 to sample
        all elements.
        '''
    
    mget(self, keys, *args)
       ''' Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``'''
    
    migrate(self, host, port, keys, destination_db, timeout, copy=False, replace=False, auth=None)
        '''
        Migrate 1 or more keys from the current Redis server to a different
        server specified by the ``host``, ``port`` and ``destination_db``.
        
        The ``timeout``, specified in milliseconds, indicates the maximum
        time the connection between the two servers can be idle before the
        command is interrupted.
        
        If ``copy`` is True, the specified ``keys`` are NOT deleted from
        the source server.
        
        If ``replace`` is True, this operation will overwrite the keys
        on the destination server if they exist.
        
        If ``auth`` is specified, authenticate to the destination server with
        the password provided.
    	'''

    move(self, name, db)
        '''Moves the key ``name`` to a different Redis database ``db``'''
    
    mset(self, mapping)
        '''
        Sets key/values based on a mapping. Mapping is a dictionary of
        key/value pairs. Both keys and values should be strings or types that
        can be cast to a string via str().
        '''
    
    msetnx(self, mapping)
        '''
        Sets key/values based on a mapping if none of the keys are already set.
        Mapping is a dictionary of key/value pairs. Both keys and values
        should be strings or types that can be cast to a string via str().
        Returns a boolean indicating if the operation was successful.
        '''
    
    object(self, infotype, key)
        '''Return the encoding, idletime, or refcount about the key'''
    
    parse_response(self, connection, command_name, **options)
        '''Parses a response from the Redis server'''
    
    persist(self, name)
        '''Removes an expiration on ``name``'''
    
    pexpire(self, name, time)
        '''
        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``time`` milliseconds.
        ``time`` can be represented by an integer or a Python timedelta
        object.
        '''
    
    pexpireat(self, name, when)
        '''
        Set an expire flag on key ``name``. ``when`` can be represented
        as an integer representing unix time in milliseconds (unix time * 1000)
        or a Python datetime object.
        '''
    
    pfadd(self, name, *values)
        '''Adds the specified elements to the specified HyperLogLog.'''
    
    pfcount(self, *sources)
        '''
        Return the approximated cardinality of
        the set observed by the HyperLogLog at key(s).
        '''
    
    pfmerge(self, dest, *sources)
        '''Merge N different HyperLogLogs into a single one.'''
    
    ping(self)
        '''Ping the Redis server'''
    
    pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None)
        '''
        Return a new pipeline object that can queue multiple commands for
        later execution. ``transaction`` indicates whether all commands
        should be executed atomically. Apart from making a group of operations
        atomic, pipelines are useful for reducing the back-and-forth overhead
        between the client and server.
        '''
    
    psetex(self, name, time_ms, value)
        '''
        Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` that expires in ``time_ms``
        milliseconds. ``time_ms`` can be represented by an integer or a Python
        timedelta object
        '''
    
    pttl(self, name)
        '''Returns the number of milliseconds until the key ``name`` will expire'''
    
    publish(self, channel, message)
        '''
        Publish ``message`` on ``channel``.
        Returns the number of subscribers the message was delivered to.
    	'''

    pubsub(self, **kwargs)
        '''
        Return a Publish/Subscribe object. With this object, you can
        subscribe to channels and listen for messages that get published to
        them.
        '''
    
    pubsub_channels(self, pattern='*')
        '''Return a list of channels that have at least one subscriber'''
    
    pubsub_numpat(self)
        '''Returns the number of subscriptions to patterns'''
    
    pubsub_numsub(self, *args)
        '''
        Return a list of (channel, number of subscribers) tuples
        for each channel given in ``*args``
    	'''

    randomkey(self)
        '''Returns the name of a random key'''
    
    register_script(self, script)
        '''
        Register a Lua ``script`` specifying the ``keys`` it will touch.
        Returns a Script object that is callable and hides the complexity of
        deal with scripts, keys, and shas. This is the preferred way to work
        with Lua scripts.
        '''
    
    rename(self, src, dst)
        '''Rename key ``src`` to ``dst``'''
    
    renamenx(self, src, dst)
        '''Rename key ``src`` to ``dst`` if ``dst`` doesn't already exist'''
    
    restore(self, name, ttl, value, replace=False)
        '''
        Create a key using the provided serialized value, previously obtained
        using DUMP.
    	'''

    rpop(self, name)
        '''Remove and return the last item of the list ``name``'''
    
    rpoplpush(self, src, dst)
        '''
        RPOP a value off of the ``src`` list and atomically LPUSH it
        on to the ``dst`` list.  Returns the value.
        '''
    
    rpush(self, name, *values)
        '''Push ``values`` onto the tail of the list ``name``'''
    
    rpushx(self, name, value)
        '''Push ``value`` onto the tail of the list ``name`` if ``name`` exists'''
    
    sadd(self, name, *values)
        '''Add ``value(s)`` to set ``name``'''
    
    save(self)
        '''
        Tell the Redis server to save its data to disk,
        blocking until the save is complete
        '''
    
    scan(self, cursor=0, match=None, count=None)
        '''
        Incrementally return lists of key names. Also return a cursor
        indicating the scan position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
        '''
    
    scan_iter(self, match=None, count=None)
    	'''
        Make an iterator using the SCAN command so that the client doesn't
        need to remember the cursor position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
    	'''
    scard(self, name)
        '''Return the number of elements in set ``name``'''
    
    script_exists(self, *args)
    '''
        Check if a script exists in the script cache by specifying the SHAs of
        each script as ``args``. Returns a list of boolean values indicating if
        if each already script exists in the cache.
    '''

    script_flush(self)
        '''Flush all scripts from the script cache'''
    
    script_kill(self)
        '''Kill the currently executing Lua script'''
    
    script_load(self, script)
        '''Load a Lua ``script`` into the script cache. Returns the SHA.'''
    
    sdiff(self, keys, *args)
        '''Return the difference of sets specified by ``keys``'''
    
    sdiffstore(self, dest, keys, *args)
    '''    
        Store the difference of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
    '''

    sentinel(self, *args)
        '''Redis Sentinel's SENTINEL command.'''
    
    sentinel_get_master_addr_by_name(self, service_name)
        '''Returns a (host, port) pair for the given ``service_name``'''
    
    sentinel_master(self, service_name)
        '''Returns a dictionary containing the specified masters state.'''
    
    sentinel_masters(self)
        '''Returns a list of dictionaries containing each master's state.'''
    
    sentinel_monitor(self, name, ip, port, quorum)
        '''Add a new master to Sentinel to be monitored'''
    
    sentinel_remove(self, name)
        '''Remove a master from Sentinel's monitoring'''
    
    sentinel_sentinels(self, service_name)
        '''Returns a list of sentinels for ``service_name``'''
    
    sentinel_set(self, name, option, value)
        '''Set Sentinel monitoring parameters for a given master'''
    
    sentinel_slaves(self, service_name)
        '''Returns a list of slaves for ``service_name``'''
    
    set(self, name, value, ex=None, px=None, nx=False, xx=False)
    '''    
        Set the value at key ``name`` to ``value``
        
        ``ex`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` seconds.
        
        ``px`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``px`` milliseconds.
        
        ``nx`` if set to True, set the value at key ``name`` to ``value`` only
            if it does not exist.
        
        ``xx`` if set to True, set the value at key ``name`` to ``value`` only
            if it already exists.
    '''

    set_response_callback(self, command, callback)
        '''Set a custom Response Callback'''
    
    setbit(self, name, offset, value)
    '''
        Flag the ``offset`` in ``name`` as ``value``. Returns a boolean
        indicating the previous value of ``offset``.
    '''

    setex(self, name, time, value)
    '''
        Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` that expires in ``time``
        seconds. ``time`` can be represented by an integer or a Python
        timedelta object.
    '''

    setnx(self, name, value)
        '''Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` if key doesn't exist'''
    
    setrange(self, name, offset, value)
    '''
        Overwrite bytes in the value of ``name`` starting at ``offset`` with
        ``value``. If ``offset`` plus the length of ``value`` exceeds the
        length of the original value, the new value will be larger than before.
        If ``offset`` exceeds the length of the original value, null bytes
        will be used to pad between the end of the previous value and the start
        of what's being injected.
        
        Returns the length of the new string.
    '''

    shutdown(self, save=False, nosave=False)
    '''
        Shutdown the Redis server.  If Redis has persistence configured,
        data will be flushed before shutdown.  If the "save" option is set,
        a data flush will be attempted even if there is no persistence
        configured.  If the "nosave" option is set, no data flush will be
        attempted.  The "save" and "nosave" options cannot both be set.
    '''
    
    sinter(self, keys, *args)
        '''Return the intersection of sets specified by ``keys``'''
    
    sinterstore(self, dest, keys, *args)
    '''
        Store the intersection of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
    '''

    sismember(self, name, value)
        '''Return a boolean indicating if ``value`` is a member of set ``name``'''
    
    slaveof(self, host=None, port=None)
    '''    
        Set the server to be a replicated slave of the instance identified
        by the ``host`` and ``port``. If called without arguments, the
        instance is promoted to a master instead.
    '''

    slowlog_get(self, num=None)
    '''
        Get the entries from the slowlog. If ``num`` is specified, get the
        most recent ``num`` items.
    '''

    slowlog_len(self)
        '''Get the number of items in the slowlog'''
    
    slowlog_reset(self)
        '''Remove all items in the slowlog'''
    
    smembers(self, name)
        '''Return all members of the set ``name``'''
    
    smove(self, src, dst, value)
        '''Move ``value`` from set ``src`` to set ``dst`` atomically'''
    
    sort(self, name, start=None, num=None, by=None, get=None, desc=False, alpha=False, store=None, groups=False)
    '''
        Sort and return the list, set or sorted set at ``name``.
        
        ``start`` and ``num`` allow for paging through the sorted data
        
        ``by`` allows using an external key to weight and sort the items.
            Use an "*" to indicate where in the key the item value is located
        
        ``get`` allows for returning items from external keys rather than the
            sorted data itself.  Use an "*" to indicate where int he key
            the item value is located
        
        ``desc`` allows for reversing the sort
        
        ``alpha`` allows for sorting lexicographically rather than numerically
        
        ``store`` allows for storing the result of the sort into
            the key ``store``
        
        ``groups`` if set to True and if ``get`` contains at least two
            elements, sort will return a list of tuples, each containing the
            values fetched from the arguments to ``get``.
    '''

    spop(self, name, count=None)
        '''Remove and return a random member of set ``name``'''
    
    srandmember(self, name, number=None)
    '''    
    	If ``number`` is None, returns a random member of set ``name``.
        
        If ``number`` is supplied, returns a list of ``number`` random
        memebers of set ``name``. Note this is only available when running
        Redis 2.6+.
    '''

    srem(self, name, *values)
        '''Remove ``values`` from set ``name``'''
    
    sscan(self, name, cursor=0, match=None, count=None)
    '''
        Incrementally return lists of elements in a set. Also return a cursor
        indicating the scan position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
    '''

    sscan_iter(self, name, match=None, count=None)
    '''
        Make an iterator using the SSCAN command so that the client doesn't
        need to remember the cursor position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
    '''

    strlen(self, name)
        '''Return the number of bytes stored in the value of ``name``'''
    
    substr(self, name, start, end=-1)
    '''
        Return a substring of the string at key ``name``. ``start`` and ``end``
        are 0-based integers specifying the portion of the string to return.
    '''

    sunion(self, keys, *args)
        '''Return the union of sets specified by ``keys``'''
    
    sunionstore(self, dest, keys, *args)
    '''
        Store the union of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
    '''

    swapdb(self, first, second)
        '''Swap two databases'''
    
    time(self)
    '''    
    	Returns the server time as a 2-item tuple of ints:
        (seconds since epoch, microseconds into this second).
    '''

    touch(self, *args)
    '''
        Alters the last access time of a key(s) ``*args``. A key is ignored
        if it does not exist.
    '''

    transaction(self, func, *watches, **kwargs)
    '''
        Convenience method for executing the callable `func` as a transaction
        while watching all keys specified in `watches`. The 'func' callable
        should expect a single argument which is a Pipeline object.
    '''

    ttl(self, name)
        '''Returns the number of seconds until the key ``name`` will expire'''
    
    type(self, name)
        '''Returns the type of key ``name``'''
    
    unlink(self, *names)
        '''Unlink one or more keys specified by ``names``'''
    
    unwatch(self)
        '''Unwatches the value at key ``name``, or None of the key doesn't exist'''
    
    wait(self, num_replicas, timeout)
    '''
        Redis synchronous replication
        That returns the number of replicas that processed the query when
        we finally have at least ``num_replicas``, or when the ``timeout`` was
        reached.
    '''

    watch(self, *names)
        '''Watches the values at keys ``names``, or None if the key doesn't exist'''
    
    xack(self, name, groupname, *ids)
    '''    
    	Acknowledges the successful processing of one or more messages.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        *ids: message ids to acknowlege.
    '''

    xadd(self, name, fields, id='*', maxlen=None, approximate=True)
    '''
        Add to a stream.
        name: name of the stream
        fields: dict of field/value pairs to insert into the stream
        id: Location to insert this record. By default it is appended.
        maxlen: truncate old stream members beyond this size
        approximate: actual stream length may be slightly more than maxlen
    '''

    xclaim(self, name, groupname, consumername, min_idle_time, message_ids, idle=None, time=None, retrycount=None, force=False, justid=False)
    '''
        Changes the ownership of a pending message.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        consumername: name of a consumer that claims the message.
        min_idle_time: filter messages that were idle less than this amount of
        milliseconds
        message_ids: non-empty list or tuple of message IDs to claim
        idle: optional. Set the idle time (last time it was delivered) of the
         message in ms
        time: optional integer. This is the same as idle but instead of a
         relative amount of milliseconds, it sets the idle time to a specific
         Unix time (in milliseconds).
        retrycount: optional integer. set the retry counter to the specified
         value. This counter is incremented every time a message is delivered
         again.
        force: optional boolean, false by default. Creates the pending message
         entry in the PEL even if certain specified IDs are not already in the
         PEL assigned to a different client.
        justid: optional boolean, false by default. Return just an array of IDs
         of messages successfully claimed, without returning the actual message
    '''

    xdel(self, name, *ids)
    '''
        Deletes one or more messages from a stream.
        name: name of the stream.
        *ids: message ids to delete.
    '''

    xgroup_create(self, name, groupname, id='$', mkstream=False)
    '''
        Create a new consumer group associated with a stream.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        id: ID of the last item in the stream to consider already delivered.
    '''

    xgroup_delconsumer(self, name, groupname, consumername)
    '''
        Remove a specific consumer from a consumer group.
        Returns the number of pending messages that the consumer had before it
        was deleted.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        consumername: name of consumer to delete
    '''

    xgroup_destroy(self, name, groupname)
    ''' 
        Destroy a consumer group.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
    '''

    xgroup_setid(self, name, groupname, id)
    '''
        Set the consumer group last delivered ID to something else.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        id: ID of the last item in the stream to consider already delivered.
    '''

    xinfo_consumers(self, name, groupname)
    '''
        Returns general information about the consumers in the group.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
    '''

    xinfo_groups(self, name)
    '''
        Returns general information about the consumer groups of the stream.
        name: name of the stream.
    '''

    xinfo_stream(self, name)
    '''
        Returns general information about the stream.
        name: name of the stream.
    '''

    xlen(self, name)
        '''Returns the number of elements in a given stream.'''
    
    xpending(self, name, groupname)
    '''
        Returns information about pending messages of a group.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
    '''

    xpending_range(self, name, groupname, min, max, count, consumername=None)
    '''
        Returns information about pending messages, in a range.
        name: name of the stream.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        min: minimum stream ID.
        max: maximum stream ID.
        count: number of messages to return
        consumername: name of a consumer to filter by (optional).
    '''

    xrange(self, name, min='-', max='+', count=None)
    '''
        Read stream values within an interval.
        name: name of the stream.
        start: first stream ID. defaults to '-',
               meaning the earliest available.
        finish: last stream ID. defaults to '+',
                meaning the latest available.
        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
               earliest available.
    '''

    xread(self, streams, count=None, block=None)
    '''
        Block and monitor multiple streams for new data.
        streams: a dict of stream names to stream IDs, where
                   IDs indicate the last ID already seen.
        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
               earliest available.
        block: number of milliseconds to wait, if nothing already present.
    '''

    xreadgroup(self, groupname, consumername, streams, count=None, block=None, noack=False)
    '''
        Read from a stream via a consumer group.
        groupname: name of the consumer group.
        consumername: name of the requesting consumer.
        streams: a dict of stream names to stream IDs, where
               IDs indicate the last ID already seen.
        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
               earliest available.
        block: number of milliseconds to wait, if nothing already present.
        noack: do not add messages to the PEL
    '''

    xrevrange(self, name, max='+', min='-', count=None)
    '''
        Read stream values within an interval, in reverse order.
        name: name of the stream
        start: first stream ID. defaults to '+',
               meaning the latest available.
        finish: last stream ID. defaults to '-',
                meaning the earliest available.
        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
               latest available.
    '''

    xtrim(self, name, maxlen, approximate=True)
    '''
        Trims old messages from a stream.
        name: name of the stream.
        maxlen: truncate old stream messages beyond this size
        approximate: actual stream length may be slightly more than maxlen
    '''

    zadd(self, name, mapping, nx=False, xx=False, ch=False, incr=False)
    '''
        Set any number of element-name, score pairs to the key ``name``. Pairs
        are specified as a dict of element-names keys to score values.

        mapping    {'element-name':'score'}
        
        ``nx`` forces ZADD to only create new elements and not to update
        scores for elements that already exist.
        
        ``xx`` forces ZADD to only update scores of elements that already
        exist. New elements will not be added.
        
        ``ch`` modifies the return value to be the numbers of elements changed.
        Changed elements include new elements that were added and elements
        whose scores changed.
        
        ``incr`` modifies ZADD to behave like ZINCRBY. In this mode only a
        single element/score pair can be specified and the score is the amount
        the existing score will be incremented by. When using this mode the
        return value of ZADD will be the new score of the element.
        
        The return value of ZADD varies based on the mode specified. With no
        options, ZADD returns the number of new elements added to the sorted
        set.
    '''

    zcard(self, name)
        '''Return the number of elements in the sorted set ``name``'''
    
    zcount(self, name, min, max)
    '''
        Returns the number of elements in the sorted set at key ``name`` with
        a score between ``min`` and ``max``.
    '''

    zincrby(self, name, amount, value)
        '''Increment the score of ``value`` in sorted set ``name`` by ``amount``'''
    
    zinterstore(self, dest, keys, aggregate=None)
    '''
        Intersect multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys`` into
        a new sorted set, ``dest``. Scores in the destination will be
        aggregated based on the ``aggregate``, or SUM if none is provided.
    '''

    zlexcount(self, name, min, max)
    '''
        Return the number of items in the sorted set ``name`` between the
        lexicographical range ``min`` and ``max``.
    '''

    zpopmax(self, name, count=None)
    '''
        Remove and return up to ``count`` members with the highest scores
        from the sorted set ``name``.
    '''

    zpopmin(self, name, count=None)
    '''
        Remove and return up to ``count`` members with the lowest scores
        from the sorted set ``name``.
    '''

    zrange(self, name, start, end, desc=False, withscores=False, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Return a range of values from sorted set ``name`` between
        ``start`` and ``end`` sorted in ascending order.
        
        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative, indicating the end of the range.
        
        ``desc`` a boolean indicating whether to sort the results descendingly
        
        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
        
        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zrangebylex(self, name, min, max, start=None, num=None)
    '''
        Return the lexicographical range of values from sorted set ``name``
        between ``min`` and ``max``.
        
        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the
        range.
    '''

    zrangebyscore(self, name, min, max, start=None, num=None, withscores=False, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Return a range of values from the sorted set ``name`` with scores
        between ``min`` and ``max``.
        
        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice
        of the range.
        
        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
        
        `score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zrank(self, name, value)
    '''
        Returns a 0-based value indicating the rank of ``value`` in sorted set
        ``name``
    '''

    zrem(self, name, *values)
        '''Remove member ``values`` from sorted set ``name``'''
    
    zremrangebylex(self, name, min, max)
    '''
        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` between the
        lexicographical range specified by ``min`` and ``max``.
        
        Returns the number of elements removed.
    '''

    zremrangebyrank(self, name, min, max)
    '''
        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` with ranks between
        ``min`` and ``max``. Values are 0-based, ordered from smallest score
        to largest. Values can be negative indicating the highest scores.
        Returns the number of elements removed
    '''

    zremrangebyscore(self, name, min, max)
    '''
        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` with scores
        between ``min`` and ``max``. Returns the number of elements removed.
    '''

    zrevrange(self, name, start, end, withscores=False, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Return a range of values from sorted set ``name`` between
        ``start`` and ``end`` sorted in descending order.
        
        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative, indicating the end of the range.
        
        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values
        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
        
        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zrevrangebylex(self, name, max, min, start=None, num=None)
    '''
        Return the reversed lexicographical range of values from sorted set
        ``name`` between ``max`` and ``min``.
        
        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the
        range.
    '''

    zrevrangebyscore(self, name, max, min, start=None, num=None, withscores=False, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Return a range of values from the sorted set ``name`` with scores
        between ``min`` and ``max`` in descending order.
        
        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice
        of the range.
        
        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
        
        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zrevrank(self, name, value)
    '''
        Returns a 0-based value indicating the descending rank of
        ``value`` in sorted set ``name``
    '''

    zscan(self, name, cursor=0, match=None, count=None, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Incrementally return lists of elements in a sorted set. Also return a
        cursor indicating the scan position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
        
        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zscan_iter(self, name, match=None, count=None, score_cast_func=<class 'float'>)
    '''
        Make an iterator using the ZSCAN command so that the client doesn't
        need to remember the cursor position.
        
        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
        
        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
        
        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
    '''

    zscore(self, name, value)
        '''Return the score of element ``value`` in sorted set ``name``'''
    
    zunionstore(self, dest, keys, aggregate=None)
    '''
        Union multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys`` into
        a new sorted set, ``dest``. Scores in the destination will be
        aggregated based on the ``aggregate``, or SUM if none is provided.
    '''

    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    '''Class methods defined here:'''
    
    from_url(url, db=None, **kwargs) from builtins.type
        '''
        Return a Redis client object configured from the given URL
        
        For example::
        
            redis://[:password]@localhost:6379/0
            rediss://[:password]@localhost:6379/0
            unix://[:password]@/path/to/socket.sock?db=0
        
        Three URL schemes are supported:
        
        - ```redis://``
          <http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>`_ creates a
          normal TCP socket connection
        - ```rediss://``
          <http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>`_ creates a
          SSL wrapped TCP socket connection
        - ``unix://`` creates a Unix Domain Socket connection
        
        There are several ways to specify a database number. The parse function
        will return the first specified option:
            1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
            2. If using the redis:// scheme, the path argument of the url, e.g.
               redis://localhost/0
            3. The ``db`` argument to this function.
        
        If none of these options are specified, db=0 is used.
        
        Any additional querystring arguments and keyword arguments will be
        passed along to the ConnectionPool class's initializer. In the case
        of conflicting arguments, querystring arguments always win.
    	'''

    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    '''Data descriptors defined here:'''
    
    __dict__
        '''dictionary for instance variables (if defined)'''
    
    __weakref__
        '''list of weak references to the object (if defined)'''
    
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    '''Data and other attributes defined here:'''
    
    RESPONSE_CALLBACKS = {'AUTH': <class 'bool'>, 'BGREWRITEAOF': <functio...

最常考的数据结构与算法知识点

数 据 结 构 算 法 概 念
链表 广度（深度）优先搜索 位操作
数组 递归 设计模式
二叉树 二分查找 内存管理（堆、栈等）
树 排序（归并排序、快速排序等）
堆（大顶堆、小顶堆） 树的插入/删除/查找/遍历等
栈 图论
队列 Hash 法
向量 分治法
Hash 表 动态规划
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